The major types of research articles:
Typical format of a research article in the Science fields:
Abstract: Concise summary of the whole article that includes information from the introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Many times will have a "keywords" list at the end.
Introduction: Introduces the topic and explains the purpose of the study and its importance. Typically includes the hypothesis.
Methodology/Materials and Methods: Specific details of how the study was performed.
Results: The findings from the study. Usually includes data, tables, charts, and graphs.
Discussion: The authors' analysis and interpretation of the results and significance.
Conclusion: Final thoughts and conclusions. May include strengths or weaknesses of the study and suggestions for future research. Sometimes this is combined with the Discussion.
Journal Impact Factor: A ratio calculated by Web of Science which divides a journal’s received citations by a count of its published articles. The impact factor measures the impact of the journal, not the contribution of individual papers or authors. The impact factor should not be used alone in assessing the quality of a journal. Differences in the average number of references for an article can influence citation rates.
CiteScore: Calculation based on the number of citations to documents (articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, and data papers) by a journal over four years, divided by the number of the same document types indexed in Scopus and published in those same four years.
Scimago Journal Rank (SJR): Measures the "prestige" of a journal based on the number and quality of citations it receives.
H-index: The h-index attempts to measure both the productivity and impact of an author. H is the number of articles published by an author which have each been cited at least h times. An h-index of 20 signifies that a scientist has published 20 articles each of which has been cited at least 20 times.
Citation number ("times cited"): The number of times an article has been cited in another published work. Recently published work may have low citation numbers. Also note that review articles are cited disproportionately, author's cite themselves to raise their citation counts, articles in certain journals are more likely to be cited than others, and, of course, people may cite an article because they are responding to errors or other problems with the article, not because it represents excellent scholarship.
Altmetrics: A way to measure and monitor the reach and impact of scholarship and research through online interactions. Altmetrics stands for "alternative metrics." The "alternative" part references traditional measurements of academic success such as citation counts, journal impact factor, and author H-index. Altmetrics are meant to complement, not totally replace, these traditional measures.
It is important to look deeper than just the metrics defined above when thinking about the value or contribution of a scientist or a lab. There are on-going debates about the biases that publication metrics bring into promotion pathways, funding priorities, etc. Here are a few articles that talk about different perspectives to be aware of while thinking about scholarly metrics.